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Revisión por expertos

Síndrome isquémico agudo en el perioperatorio de cirugía cardiovascular

Héctor A Bonaccorsi

Revista del Consejo Argentino de Residentes de Cardiología ;():0153-0160 


El síndrome isquémico agudo en el perioperatorio inmediato de cirugía cardiovascular, tanto valvular como de revascularización miocárdica, es una entidad frecuente que empeora el pronóstico de los pacientes a corto, mediano y largo plazo. Entre sus componentes, la isquemia, la injuria y el infarto incipiente, deben poder ser prevenidos, diagnosticados y tratados tempranamente para evitar la evolución a la necrosis establecida y las complicaciones, mejorando así los resultados de la cirugía. Resulta llamativo que, a diferencia de lo que ocurre con el síndrome isquémico agudo en el paciente que no ha sido operado, esto no haya sido reconocido en el paciente quirúrgico.
El conocimiento del síndrome isquémico agudo que presentan los pacientes en el perioperatorio de cirugía cardíaca se justifica porque sus características difieren significativamente de las que exhiben los pacientes con el mismo síndrome, que no han sido operados.
Las definiciones de las entidades que integran el síndrome son discutibles y sus mecanismos de producción son múltiples. Entre estos, la oclusión del puente coronario, si bien puede ser un mecanismo iniciador, es también el resultado último, por obstrucción del flujo, de muchos otros mecanismos de producción. Es importante tener en cuenta que las técnicas quirúrgicas utilizadas habitualmente, tanto de cirugía con circulación extracorpórea (CEC) como sin CEC, generan grados variables de isquemia cardíaca; y que, para mitigarla, se utilizan distintos métodos (llamados de preservación miocárdica) cuya eficacia total no puede ser garantizada.
El síndrome isquémico agudo del perioperatorio es generalmente asintomático y puede presentarse por sus complicaciones (disfunción ventricular hasta el shock, infarto de miocardio establecido, arritmias ventriculares severas, muerte, etc.). Su diagnóstico se basa en la electrocardiografía (desnivel del segmento ST), los biomarcadores (CK-MB, troponinas T e I), la ecocardiografía (alteraciones de la motilidad parietal) y la coronariografía de urgencia (oclusión y estenosis de los puentes o anastomosis, revascularización incompleta, nuevas lesiones en arterias coronarias, etc.). Los pacientes con indicación de coronariografía de urgencia que presenten deterioro hemodinámico severo deben ser estabilizados con drogas y asistencia circulatoria mecánica. En las instituciones en las cuales esta última no esté disponible, parece preferible que los pacientes vuelvan al quirófano y sean colocados en circulación extracorpórea para asistencia y reexploración quirúrgica. Los pacientes con síndrome isquémico agudo del perioperatorio deben recibir un tratamiento de apoyo con drogas inotrópicas y antiarrítmicas, cuando lo ameriten, y un tratamiento específico que incluye drogas vasodilatadoras, angioplastia o reintervención quirúrgica, cuando sea necesario.


Palabras clave: isquemia miocárdica, período perioperatorio, cirugía cardíaca, infarto de miocardio,

Acute coronary syndrome in the immediate perioperative period of cardiovascular surgery, both in valve surgery and in coronary artery bypass grafting, is a frequent entity that worsens the prognosis of patients in the short, medium and long term. Among its components, ischemia, injury and incipient infarction must be prevented, diagnosed and treated early to avoid progression to established necrosis and complications, thus improving the results of surgery. It is striking that, unlike what happens with acute coronary syndrome in patients who have not undergone surgery, this has not been accepted about the surgical patient.
It is justified to be aware about acute coronary syndrome in patients undergoing cardiac surgery, because its characteristics differ significantly from those exhibited by patients with the same syndrome, who have not undergone surgery.
Defining the entities that are part of the syndrome is debatable and their production mechanisms are multiple. Among these, occlusion of coronary bypass graft, which may be an initiating mechanism, but is also the final result of many other production mechanisms due to flow obstruction. It is important to bear in mind that the commonly used surgical techniques, both for surgery with and without cardiopulmonary bypass, generate variable degrees of cardiac ischemia; to mitigate this, different methods are used (called myocardial protection) whose total effectiveness cannot be guaranteed.
Perioperative acute coronary syndrome is generally asymptomatic and can turn up through its complications (ventricular dysfunction up to shock, established myocardial infarction, severe ventricular arrhythmias, death, etc.). Its diagnosis is based on electrocardiography (ST-segment elevation), biomarkers (CK-MB, troponins T and I), echocardiography (wall-motion abnormalities), and emergency coronary angiography (occlusion and stenosis of bypass graft or its anastomoses, incomplete revascularization, new lesions in coronary arteries, etc.). Patients with indication for emergency coronary angiography who present with severe hemodynamic deterioration should be stabilized with drugs and mechanical circulatory devices. In institutions where the latter is not available, it seems preferable that patients be returned to the operating room and placed on cardiopulmonary bypass for support and surgical re-examination. Patients with perioperative acute coronary syndrome should receive supportive treatment with inotropic and antiarrhythmic drugs, and specific treatment including vasodilatory drugs, angioplasty, or surgical reoperation, when necessary.


Keywords: myocardial ischemia, perioperative period, cardiac surgical procedures, myocardial infarction,


Los autores declaran no poseer conflictos de intereses.

Fuente de información Consejo Argentino de Residentes de Cardiología. Para solicitudes de reimpresión a Revista del CONAREC hacer click aquí.

Recibido 2020-06-12 | Aceptado 2020-07-16 | Publicado 2020-08-31

Tabla 1. Mecanismos de producción del síndrome isquémico agudo en el perioperatorio de cirugía ...

Figura 1. Incidencia de isquemia miocárdica en distintos períodos del perioperatorio de cirugía c...

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Autores

Héctor A Bonaccorsi
Médico cardiólogo universitario, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR). Doctor en Medicina, (UNR). Coordinador Sala de Recuperación de Cirugía Cardiovascular. Instituto Cardiovascular de Rosario. Hospital Provincial del Centenario..

Autor correspondencia

Héctor A Bonaccorsi
Médico cardiólogo universitario, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR). Doctor en Medicina, (UNR). Coordinador Sala de Recuperación de Cirugía Cardiovascular. Instituto Cardiovascular de Rosario. Hospital Provincial del Centenario..

Correo electrónico: hbona2012@gmail.com

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Titulo
Síndrome isquémico agudo en el perioperatorio de cirugía cardiovascular

Autores
Héctor A Bonaccorsi

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Revista del CONAREC

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Consejo Argentino de Residentes de Cardiología

Fecha de publicación
2020-08-31

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