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Artículo Original

Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio for the diagnosis of type 4a myocardial infarction

Suilbert Rodríguez Blanco, Abel Y Leyva Quert, José M Aguilar Medina, Favian A Barcelay Leyva, Teddy O Tamargo Barbeito

Revista Argentina de Cardioangiología Intervencionista 2020;(3):0124-0129 


Introduction. Periprocedural type 4a myocardial infarction is among the complications associated with percutaneous coronary interventions. The important role played by inflammation in cardiovascular disease is well-known, and a better expression of this inflammatory state is the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio.
Objective. To assess the association between the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and the appearance of type 4a myocardial infarction and the potential diagnostic value of this biological marker.
Methodology. Applied, descriptive-correlational, and prospective study. The neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio was obtained six hours after coronary intervention at the “Hermanos Ameijeiras” Hospital, Havana, Cuba, between November 2018 and January 2020.
Results. A total of 184 patients were studied, 25 of whom developed type 4a infarction. In patients with heart attack, the ratio increased after the procedure [4.26±0.95; (3.87-4.65)] vs [3.19±0.86; (2.83-3.54)]. Ratios >2.63 were associated with the diagnosis of the complication, with an area under the ROC curve for diagnosis of 0.932 (95%CI: 0.868-0.995; p<.001).
Conclusions. The neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio has high sensitivity, high specificity, and high positive and negative predictive values in the diagnosis of type 4a myocardial infarction.


Palabras clave: neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, periprocedural type 4a myocardial infarction,

Introducción. Dentro de las complicaciones relacionadas con el intervencionismo coronario percutáneo se encuentra el infarto del miocardio periprocedimiento tipo 4a. Se conoce el importante papel que juega la inflamación en las enfermedades cardiovasculares, y una mejor expresión de este estado inflamatorio es el índice neutrófilo-linfocitario (INL).
Objetivo. Evaluar la asociación entre el índice neutrófilo-linfocitario y la aparición del infarto del miocardio tipo 4a así como el potencial valor diagnóstico de este marcador biológico.
Metodología. Investigación aplicada, descriptiva-correlacional y prospectiva. En el Hospital Hermanos Ameijeiras, La Habana, Cuba, entre noviembre de 2018 y enero de 2020, se determinó el INL a las seis horas de la intervención coronaria.
Resultados. Se estudiaron 184 pacientes, 25 de estos desarrollaron infarto tipo 4a. En los pacientes con infarto se incrementó el índice después del proceder [4,26±0,95; (3,87-4,65)] vs. [3,19±0,86 (2,83-3,54)]. Un índice mayor de 2,63 se asoció al diagnóstico de la complicación, con un área bajo la curva ROC para el diagnóstico de 0,932 (IC95%: 0,868-0,995; p<0,001).
Conclusiones. El índice neutrófilo-linfocitario tiene alta sensibilidad, alta especificidad y altos valores predictivos positivos y negativos en el diagnóstico de infarto del miocardio tipo 4a.


Keywords: índice neutrófilo-linfocitario, infarto de miocardio periprocedimiento tipo 4a,


Los autores declaran no poseer conflictos de intereses.

Fuente de información Colegio Argentino de Cardioangiólogos Intervencionistas. Para solicitudes de reimpresión a Revista Argentina de Cardioangiología intervencionista hacer click aquí.

Recibido 2020-05-22 | Aceptado 2020-06-23 | Publicado 2020-09-30

Figure 1. Study flow chart.

Table 1. Social and demographic characteristics and personal past medical history of the study popu...

Table 2. Characteristics of the patients based on clinical and anatomical variables..

Table 3. Characteristics of the patients based on their hemodynamic variables.

Table 4. Descriptive statistics of the absolute neutrophil count, absolute lymphocyte count, and NL...

Chart 1. Means ofNLRbefore and after the procedure based on the presence of type 4a MI..

Chart 2. ROC curve for the diagnosis of type 4a MI based on the NLR obtained 6 hours after...

Table 5. Indicators of the validity of the NLR 6 hours after the procedure for the diagnosis of typ...

Table 6. Results of multivariate analysis for the presence of type 4a MI.

Introduction

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide1. Ischemic heart disease ranks #1 as the leading cause of death and disability2. In Europe, this condition represents 19% of deaths in males and 20% in women3; in the United States an acute myocardial infarction is reported every 40 seconds with a mean age of 65 years for males and 72 years for women4. In Cuba, cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death. Back in 2018, ischemic heart disease killed 16,260 people (63.31%) and is the most common single cause of death among Cubans5.

In order to fight it several advances have been made by developing the main therapeutic tools available today: optimal medical treatment with drugs that starts by preventing cardiovascular risk factors and training the population to change these factors at all levels of healthcare; rehab; coronary revascularization surgery; and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)6.

History

Percutaneous coronary intervention is one of the most widely developed areas in contemporary cardiology7. Several advances made in the techniques and materials used have gradually brought PCI to more and more complex settings such as bifurcation lesions, thin vessels, calcified lesions, angulated lesions, left main coronary artery lesions, chronic total coronary occlusions, and other8,9. Periprocedural type 4a myocardial infarction (type 4a MI) is a complication associated with PCI. One of the diagnostic criteria for type 4a MI is the release of proteins from myocardial cells in a certain amount10,11. In cardiology the definition of this complication is controversial since there is no agreement on the diagnostic criteria and, most important of all, the availability and accessibility of validated markers is scarce10. The rate of type 4a MI reported is highly variable going from 2.6% all the way up to 30%12,13 and has implications in the prognosis of patients, which is why its detection and stratification is essential to guide treatment12.

The role of inflammation in cardiovascular disease is important as well as the role it plays in atherosclerotic plaque progression and destabilization, the leading cause of coronary artery disease (CAD)14-16. The CANTOS clinical trial showed how interleukin-1 beta inhibition lowers the C-reactive protein levels and the occurrence of cardiovascular events beyond the 30 day-mark in patients with acute coronary syndrome17.

White blood cells and their different subtypes are among the various inflammatory markers that exist; inflammatory process raises the levels of neutrophils, reduces the levels of lymphocytes, and is associated with more cardiovascular risk factors18,19. Neutrophils secrete inflammatory mediators like the proteolytic enzyme elastase that degrades the vascular basement membrane and causes endothelial damage20. On the other hand, lymphocytes regulate the inflammatory response and have inhibitory effects on atherosclerosis21.

A better expression of this inflammatory state is the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR). The NLR is easy to obtain, cost-effective, commonly used, reproducible, and widely available in all centers in our country; increases of the NLR are associated with adverse cardiovascular events, mortality included, in patients with myocardial infarction (MI) and adverse clinical results in patients treated with elective coronary revascularization19,22.

Type 4a MI as a complication of PCI is associated with a torpid course of the disease in this subgroup of patients. A possible correlation between the NLR and type 4a MI, with high sensitivity and specificity, and high predictive values would place the NLR as a cheaper and more available diagnostic marker of type 4a MI to benefit patients who undergo this procedure.

Objective

To assess the correlation between the NLR and the appearance of type 4a MI and the diagnostic value of this biological marker.

Participants and method

Applied, descriptive-correlational, and prospective study of a total of 148 consecutive patients treated at the cath lab of the Hospital “Hermanos Ameijeiras” in Havana, Cuba, between November 2018 and January 2020. A total of 233 of 319 patients treated with PCI during this period were initially included. Forty-nine of these patients were eventually excluded due to incomplete data in the clinical history (Figure 1).

Percutaneous coronary intervention and drugs

Both the PCI technique and the decision on the type of stent to be used were left to the operator’s criterion. Unfractionated heparin was used in all the patients during the procedure to achieve activated clotting times >250 seconds during the procedure; the patients were on dual antiplatelet therapy.

Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio

The NLR was defined as the ratio between the absolute value of neutrophils and the absolute value of lymphocytes. It was obtained before the PCI (within the previous 7 days) and 6 hours after the PCI. The leukogram was performed using the Pentra-DX NEXUS analyzer. This is a fully automatic hematology analyzer for the in-vitro diagnosis of whole blood samples anticoagulated with EDTA at 10% capable of testing 120 samples an hour. The following parameters were analyzed:

• Lymphocytes: [LYN], expressed as absolute value (#).

• Neutrophils: [NEU], expressed as absolute value (#).

Ethical considerations

This clinical study was conducted according to the last review of the Declaration of Helsinki. All the patients involved in the study were informed of the characteristics of the study and procedures used and gave their written informed consent prior to their participation.

Techniques used for statistical analysis

In order to identify the factors associated with the appearance of type 4a MI, the logistic regression function that models the probability of suffering this disease was estimated.

The model was adjusted with variables based on scientific evidence and on the researchers’ experience in such a way that the variables would not be correlated and the sizes of the samples within each group allowed the most accurate estimate possible of the parameters in the logistic regression equation. The point estimates of odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated for every variable; Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit statistical test was used to assess the quality of adjustment of the logistic regression model.

Results

The social, demographic, clinical, anatomical, and procedural characteristics are all shown on Tables 1, 2, and 3.

There are significant differences (p< .001) between the absolute neutrophil count and absolute lymphocyte count and the NLR before and after the procedure. The values of these absolute counts and the NLR increased after the procedure was performed on the patients (Table 4).

Between the 2 groups of patients (with type 4a MI and without infarction), except for the absolute neutrophil count before the procedure (5.46±1.21 vs. 5.53±1.15; p=.599), there were very significant differences (p< .001) in the absolute neutrophil count after the procedure (8.26±0.99 vs. 6.32±0.66), the absolute lymphocyte count before (1.68±0.48 vs. 2.26±0.40) and after (2.03±0.47 vs. 2.62±0.31) the procedure, and the NLR before (3.19±0.86 vs. 2.51±0.50) and after the procedure (4.26±0.95 vs. 2.40±0.28). Both in the group of patients with type 4a MI and in the group of patients without infarction, there were very significant differences (p< .001) between the absolute neutrophil count, the absolute lymphocyte count and NLR before and after the procedure. These results are shown on Chart 1.

The area under the ROC curve for the diagnosis of type 4a MI based on the NLR obtained 6 hours after the procedure was 0.932 (95%CI: 0.868-0.995; p< .001) (Chart 2).

For the NLR cut-off value ≥2.63, sensitivity was 84.0% (95%CI: 67.6-100%), meaning that it can detect 84.0% of the patients with an actual diagnosis of type 4a MI. Specificity was 74.2% (95%CI, 67.1-81.3%), meaning that it can identify 74.2% of the patients without infarction (Table 5). The PPV was 33.9% (21.3%-46.5%) meaning that the percentage of patients with type 4a MI within those with NLR ≥2.63 was 33.9%. The NPV was 96.7% (95%CI: 93.2%-100%), meaning that the percentage of patients without type 4a MI within those with NLR < 2.63 was 96.7% (Table 5). The VR+ was 3.3 (95%CI: 2.4-4.5) and the VR– was 0.2 (95%CI: 0.1-0.5), meaning that NLRs ≥2.63 are nearly 3 times more likely in patients with type 4a MI compared to patients without type 4a MI and NLRs < 2.63 are 5 times more likely (1/0.2) in patients without type 4a MI compared to patients with this disease (Table 5).

The variables that play an independent role in the presence of type 4a infarction were the past medical history of CKD, previous revascularization, and the NLR obtained 6 hours after the procedure.

The OR for CKD was 10.515 (95%CI: 1.123-98.471), the OR (chance or opportunity) of having type 4a MI is nearly 10 times higher in patients with a past medical history of CKD compared to patients without this disease. The OR of previous revascularization was 4.117 (95%CI: 1.115-15.199), the OR of having type 4a MI is nearly 4 times higher in patients with previous revascularization compared to patients without it. The OR for NLRsobtained 6 hours after the procedure was 81.395 (11.933-555.210). Finally, the OR of having type 4a MI increases parallel to the increase of such variable (Table 6).

Discussion

The fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction describes MI as related to the PCI with higher concentrations in the markers of myocardial damage above the 99th percentile of the upper reference limit within the first few hours after the intervention. To this day, the most highly specific and sensitive validated markers are cardiac troponins T and I, the creatine kinase MB isoenzyme (CK-MB)—the most specific isoform of the heart muscle—plus clinical evidence or images of ischemia or angiographic alterations11. In this study, the frequency of type 4a MIs is similar to that reported in the medical literature13,14,23.

The sudden decrease of blood flow to a myocardial territory during the PCI can be due to several causes like loss of blood flow or slow flow to a secondary branch, distal embolization of thrombus or material from the atherosclerotic plaque, the transient occlusion of a vessel, no-reflow or slow flow in the main vessel, and residual dissection, among others. This coronary flow disorder is associated with metabolic changes accompanied by an acute inflammatory state both in the myocardium damaged and in the location of the coronary anatomy damaged. Myocardial necrosis induces the generation and activation of free radicals, starts the cytokine storm, and releases the tumor necrosis factor-alpha18.

The role of inflammation in the pathophysiology of growth and instability of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease has been established by scientific evidence24,25. The inflammatory response is associated with a prothrombotic state that increases fibrinogen levels, coagulation factors, and platelet reactivity26. The results of this study show that the clinical, anatomical, and procedural elements involved with a greater inflammatory state are significantly associated with the presence of type 4a MI.

Diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and left ventricular systolic dysfunction establish a systemic inflammatory state. Diabetic macroangiopathy causes more vulnerable and extensive coronary lesions in diffusely diseased coronary vessels, anatomical conditions that increase the risk of having a type 4a MI27 and other complications during the PCI; CKD and left ventricular systolic dysfunction are associated with inflammation and can be the cause of extensive and complex coronary disease28-30. Inflammation increases the vulnerability of coronary plaque followed by risk of rupture and dissection during the PCI28; Kurtul A et al.31 showed that an inflammatory state before the primary PCI, expressed as a high NLR, is associated with no-reflow.

In this study, the anatomical characteristics of coronary arteries indicative of a higher atherosclerotic burden like moderatelyhighscores, presence of thrombus, true bifurcation lesions, and the complex double coronary bifurcation stenting technique were associated with the presence of type 4a MI. Atherosclerotic burden is associated with the inflammatory state; in a former study, the author found that higher NLRs prior to an invasive coronary angiography was associated with significantly higher SYNTAX scores32. The presence of thrombus increases the risk of distal embolization, severe spasm, and no-reflow or slow reflow during the procedure and is associated with higher NLRs33.

The NLR is a biomarker that expresses the emergent systemic and coronary inflammatory state. Percutaneous coronary interventions cause inflammation after the cannulation of coronary ostia, the injection of iodinated contrast, the insertion and expansion of intracoronary devices, among others. The NLR as an expression of inflammation increases after the invasive procedure34,35. No significant increase was seen in this series, but an absolute neutrophil count increase was reported.

The biomarkers established for the diagnosis of type 4a MI are the TnT and the CK-MB11,12 and they express cardiac inflammation. There is not enough evidence on the association between the NLR and the presence of myocardial damage during the PCI. In this study, 6 hours after the PCI, the NLR was >2.63 and it was associated with the occurrence of periprocedural infarction. With an acceptable sensitivity and specificity, and a high NPV, the area under the ROC curve for the diagnosis of type 4a MI based on the NLR obtained 6 hours after the PCI is rather good since it is >0.8. Also, based on the 95%CI, it could be up to 0.995. The study conducted by Verdoia et al. reported similar results in patients treated with a PCI in a stable clinical context where NLRs ≥3 were associated with the occurrence of type 4a MI.

On the utility of the NLR for the diagnosis of type 4a MI, the values of estimated sensitivity and specificity in this series can be considered good because they are high. Actually, they are close to 100%. However, the PPV is not good because predictive values are influenced by the prevalence of the disease they are trying to diagnose. That is why the NPV is high, because the lower the prevalence of the disease the higher the NPV and the lower the PPV.

Likelihood ratios are also accepted. It has been considered that diagnostic means (in this case the NLR) have good diagnostic efficacy with LR+ as high as they can be and LR– as close to 0 as possible.

In the multivariate analysis, CKD, previous revascularization, and the NLR obtained 6 hours after the procedure were independently associated with type 4a MI. This result is telling us that the NLR is an inflammatory biomarker that can be useful for the risk stratification of patients treated with PCI to predict and diagnose type 4a MI.

Conclusions

The neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio obtained 6 hours after a percutaneous coronary intervention is significantly higher compared to the baseline NLR of patients with type 4a MI. This ratio has high sensitivity, high specificity, and high positive and negative predictive values for the diagnosis of type 4a MI

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Autores

Suilbert Rodríguez Blanco
Interventional Cardiology Unit.
Abel Y Leyva Quert
Interventional Cardiology Unit.
José M Aguilar Medina
Interventional Cardiology Unit.
Favian A Barcelay Leyva
Cardiology Unit.
Teddy O Tamargo Barbeito
Biostatistical Unit. Hospital Hermanos Ameijeiras, Havana, Cuba.

Autor correspondencia

Suilbert Rodríguez Blanco
Interventional Cardiology Unit.

Correo electrónico: suilbertr@infomed.sld.cu; suilbertrb@gmail.com

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Web 3 | Volumen 10 | Año 2020

Titulo
Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio for the diagnosis of type 4a myocardial infarction

Autores
Suilbert Rodríguez Blanco, Abel Y Leyva Quert, José M Aguilar Medina, Favian A Barcelay Leyva, Teddy O Tamargo Barbeito

Publicación
Revista Argentina de Cardioangiología intervencionista

Editor
Colegio Argentino de Cardioangiólogos Intervencionistas

Fecha de publicación
2020-09-30

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© Colegio Argentino de Cardioangiólogos Intervencionistas

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